Assessment:

Coursework (15%) : Week 4 Final Exam (85%) : During 2.5 hours

Data and Statistics : Learn to make conclusions based on data. (Example is on page 6)

Definition (Variable)

A characteristic whose value may change from one observation to another.

Definition (Data)

A collection of observations on one or more variables.

Definition (Statistics)

A large field in mathematics involving the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

Statistics

1. Tables, Charts, and Graphs

2. Population, Sample

总体: The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired is called the population of interest

样本: A sample is a subset of the population, selected for study.

样本是总体的子集

3.Types of Data

Categorical Data:

分类数据，往往不能用数值描述

Numerical Data:

数值数据，对东西进行定量描述

例如：①Amount of uid (in ounces) dispensed by a machine used to ll bottles with soda（用于装苏打水的瓶子的机器所分配的液体量）

①Continuous Numerical Data: 连续数值数据，可以在一个区间内取任何值，通常是实数。例如，身高、体重、温度等。

②Brand of computer purchased by a customer（客户购买的电脑品牌）

②Discrete Numerical Data: 离散数值数据，只能取特定的、有限的值，通常是整数。例如，学生人数、投掷骰子的结果等。

4. Two Branches of Statistics

Descriptive statistics描述统计: The branch of statistics that includes methods for organizing and summarizing data.

• 目的：提供数据的概况，如集中趋势（均值、中位数）、离散程度（方差、标准差）等。